Assigment 3-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assigment 3-1 - Assignment ExampleHowever, from 1971 through 1984 the trend began to change. Over the block from 1984 to 2005, production of grain declined by more than 7% according to Chiras. (Chiras, 2009)As per the estimates by the Food and kitchen-gardening Organization of United Nations, mean intake in calories per person rose over the period from 1961 to 2008. The human activity of persons that are chronically undernourished declined from around 918 million in the course 1970 to 852 million in the year 2005. (Miller and Spoolman, 2008) In 2009, according to World Food Programme, approximately more than one billion large number are chronically hungry. (wfp.org, 2009)In this globe, there is enough food for everybody. Hunger persists, though. The reason why hunger continues to weaken the globe can be attributed to two things. Firstly, people can non afford to purchase the available food. Secondly, most people cannot access the available food. (Forbes, 2009)Undernourishment may be evident when few vital nutrients are consumed or using them in a more rapid manner than they are replaced. Consequences may differ in teenagers, children, and adults. For instance it can cause death to anybody, inadequate intake if proteins can cause Kwashiorkor in infants or Marasmus if there is inadequate intake of all nutrients in infants.Poor diet refers to malnutrition and it occurs when the human body does not get enough minerals, vitamins and other nutrients. The ramifications of poor diet range from death, to many other diseases (like goiter overdue to lack of iodine minerals and to obesity due to over-nutrition).Overeating may be taken to refer to over-nourishment and it relates to victorious excess of essential nutrients and not having or taking enough exercise. Consequences may be many from the ban effect on body senses like taste, sight or even smell to obesity. (Gilman,

Feelings about seeing great drawings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Feelings about beholding great drawings - Essay ExampleViewing this work made me feel a conflicting brain of excitement, but also a foreboding sense of intellectual curiosity. This exhibit had many of this artists work so I further experienced these feelings as I made my way throughout the exhibition hall. In other instances, however, I came to appreciate the way that the museum hall itself was able to manipulate my feelings by juxtaposing certain deeds of art. For instance, the lively nature of the above mentioned work was contrasted with work that implemented a starkly more minimalist style. I subsequently came to reflect on the ways that my feelings changed as a relation between myself and the drawing. The minimalist drawings made me feel more intellectual, while the abstract drawings were more emotional. These distinct emotions made me recognize that a major purpose of art and artists is to allow us to feel new

The right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror Essay

The decent of habeas lead in the linguistic context of the war on terror - Essay ExampleThere had been no requirement of producing the body of the person with the cause of appreciation which never had been the case before. It was only for ordering an officer to produce the defendant and non for the purpose of scrutinizing the cause of detention by the court. There has been a mistaken impression that habeas corpus had been before for the purpose of bringing people to custody and not to set them free. bringually, it was not for making arrest just now to ensure the physical presence of a person to the court on the appointed day. However, the use of habeas corpus was not originally associated with liberty and it was a procedural requirement by which courts used to insist on the presence of the person to decide the matter relating to him. It was only with the enactment of Habeas Corpus Act 1640 that power of detention by the king was removed and abolition of all conciliar courts i ncluding Star Chamber was made. It was for the specific purpose of availing the right of habeas corpus by the detained persons requiring the King or Council to produce them before the court without delay and with a command for reasons of imprisonment. The court was required to pronounce its verdict about the legality of the detention within three years and grant bail, discharge or remand the arrestee as it thought fit. A judge failing in this regard was liable to pay fines and damages to the aggrieved party. As the Habeas Corpus Act 1640 was not effective and the adjudicate were not bold enough to contradict the kings power of detention, the Habeas Corpus Act was 1679 was enacted. This Act was applicable to only criminal cases. This enactment marked the emergence of writ in its modern get (Zellick, Farbey, Sharpe, & Simon, 2011).Thus, the writ of habeas corpus has been an instrument against the unlimited executive power of detention first in England and thus in the United

Walter dill Scott Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Walter dill Scott - Essay ExampleWalter suggested that for productivity in an physical composition to increase and the issues to be solved, selection of the best employees is important. The selection can be done through mental testing of the employees knowledge, skills and other attributes that are important for the organization. This oblige insists that if an organization wants to solve its issues and analyze its concern, hence it has to follow the work and ideologies of Walter Scott mentioned above or those discussed in his book Theory of Advertising.According to me, the ideas of Walter Scott discussed in the article and which are suggested to be necessary for analyzing the issues in the workplace can work if the organizations forethought implements them. This is so because employee selection is an important element of industrial psychology and it sets the foundation of the organizations accomplishment and all told other issues or concerns. If the employees are therefore se lected correctly and based on their qualifications, then all other issues and concerns in the workplace can be dealt with.Tyler, M. (2010, December 15th ). Benefits of using of organizational psychology in business. Helium. Retrieved on April 16th 2012 from

Plate Boundaries and Earthquake Featurs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Plate Boundaries and Earth waving Featurs - Essay ExampleThis analysis seeks to explain and help comprehend diverging zones. A boundary with divergence is a location where plates move apart while occurring above the growth convection currents. These currents rising push upon the base of the lithosphere, forcing it up while flowing beneath it. This tangential surge results in a drag of the plate substance over it, in a similar direction flow. At the apex of fortify, the overlying plate gets elongated thin, and because it cannot hold on anymore, it fractures and tows apart. Divergence occurs when the boundary plates move with divergent velocities both vertically and horizontally. According to Stricklers 2nd law of GeoFanstasy, divergence occurs due to a gigantic stress at a tremendously slow rate on the boundary plates. The up and good deal movements result in distortion of the earths crusts resulting in fractures and joints, breaks and slips and folds. Krafla Volcano the northern part of Iceland clearly shows the consequences of these plate movements. At the Krafla Volcano region, the current ground fractures continually widens as new ones emerge after(prenominal) a few months. In the period between 1975 and 1984, a number of rifting activities took place close to Krafla gap region. A few of the rifting incidents were pursued by some significant volcanic activities the ground gradually bloom 1-2 meters prior to unexpected dropping, which signaled a looming eruption. In the era linking 1975 and 1984, the ground rose by a stun 7 meters due to the plate divergence (Condie, 1997). The movement of the earths crust results in different formations. The conditions bringing forrad these differences include the Temperature, Type and magnitude of the force and Rock subject. Economic resources consist of naturally occurring materials of earth in dire demand for different uses. These economic resources include minerals, rocks and gases. Nature and divisions of th ese resources relate to geological structure and its explanation resulting in a wealthy economic resource. S shed light on 2 Haiti an earth reel feature location accession An earthquake feature point is a place where there is a high activity underpass resulting to frequent earthquakes and other tremors. Maps of Japan Map of Japan showing the three plates in contact The type of earthquake Megathrust A Megathrust fault is a boundary connecting a sub-ducting zone and an overriding plate. A Megathrust quake results from an abrupt slip between the two plates trim back the fault line. It occurs in an area of Megathrust fault. An earthquake results from friction of plates and is increases as it progresses from one layer to another. Grinding of plates against the other is the main cause of earthquakes (Rafferty, 2011). Japan sits at the top of three continental plates ripbing against the other the Pacific, the Eurasian and the Philippine Sea plates. These three plates continually rub against the other developing a tremendous pressure escaping with a vicious force. According to the Stille (2006), Japan is in a ring of fire, it experiences an earthquake every seven minutes. A seismic network takes down the measurements of the earthquake while a seismograph measures the magnitude or energy released while intensity is the strength the quake shakes things. The quakes produce two waves P waves, a compressional wave and S or shear wave. The shear wave is slow

Lake Effect Snow Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lake Effect one C - Research Paper ExampleLake snow effect usually happens during the winter and in particular the Midwest when the area is dominated by frigid cP or cA and clear air (Ahrens 207). The specific areas where the lake effect snows are notorious are the easterly and southern shores of the Great Lakes (Geerts 1). When such a phenomenon occurs, the people in this region get prepared for expectant snow showers. These storms are highly localized and they extend only a few kilometers to more a hundred kilometers inland. The snow basically falls as squall or heavy shower in the concentrated zones. The snow is very much centralized such that a part of the city whitethorn accumulate several centimeters of the snow, while in another the ground has nothing (Ahrens 207). Lake effect snow is uncontrolled from the month of November to January. During these months, cold air moves over the lakes when they are relatively warm and not quite frosty (Ahrens 207). The difference betwee n air and water temperature can be as high as 25 degrees centigrade. Studies conducted have indicated the greater the difference in the temperature, the higher the probability of having a snow shower.Causes of Lake effect SnowIt is imperative to note that the snowfall is not caused by the proximity of the ocean or the mountains and the difference is not because the eastern and the southern shores are cooler than the regions surroundings in fact, they are only a teeny warmer than the surrounding shores.

Merger & Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Merger & Acquisitions - Essay ExampleToronto convention Bank (TD) Bank on the other hand is also a multinational hope set(p) in Canada. It offers multinational banking and financial operate and its market capitalization makes it the second largest bank in Canada. TD has foursome main divisions that is, Canadian Retail Banking, US retail Banking, wholesale Banking and Wealth Management insurance. It is evident that this bank has many branches in the US than in Canada and is focused on expanding its US retail banking business. TD bank consists of the shareholders, come along of directors who appoint cooperate governance committee, the human resource committee, the audit committee, the risk committee as advantageously as the management. TD bank consists of almost 79,000 team members. With globalization, there has been great development in the international banking as cross boarder capital movement as well as the unification of financial institutions crossways the globe. Many ban ks across the world have had a hard time to cope with constant changes and pictorial competition in the banking sector and this has led to many banks merge so as to cope with the belligerent global economy. A merge can be defined as the buying of one attach to by the other or the unification of two or more than banks to form one mod bank with an aim of achieving mutual benefits. The reason why TD bank and well Fargo should merge is because unifying leave behind enable the banks restructure their entrepreneurial work and look deeply into their strategies of wealth and insurance, personal and commercial banking, wholesale banking and community banking. Wells Fargo services $ 1.8 trillion in home mortgaging. The merging bequeath help the companies win financial goals by offering financial services to the customers. According to Sylvia Reynolds, Wells Fargos marketing director, video display stability to the customers will enable the customers earn the companys trust and this may be acquired through re-shaping and changing some policies to best serve the customers needs (Adubato 2011). The merging will indeed lead to restructuring the companies policies towards offering qualitative and quantitative services to their customers. Through the merge, the size of the Well and TD banks will increase. Their performance procedures will be rationalized and the banks will be efficient in terms of providing services. The banks will increase the beach of interest rates on loans and deposits in the retail banking market since the customers will have few election sources of finance services. The merging of TD bank and Wells Fargo will promote better customer care and this will make TD maintain their customers and reduce the number of customers shifting to other banks due to poor customer care. This is because Wells Fargo is committed to maintaining customers through constantly offering additional services, thanking them and greeting them on a regular tooshie and t his drives more customers to the bank (Adubato 2011) and has over 70 million customers World Wide. The merging of the two banks will and so promote betterment in attending to customers financial needs including offering insurance, brokerage and investment services among other services. This will attract new customers and maintain the old customers. The merge of Wells Fargo and TD bank is more likely to

National Organization for Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

National Organization for Women - Essay ExampleThe amendment known as Equal Rights Amendment had been introduced by Alice Paul, and it sought to make men and women have equal rights all over the United States, as fountainhead as any other place under its jurisdiction (Wood 85). The amendment received opposition, and it is unfortunate that up to this moment, it has not been ratified. Some people believe that collective action problems played a significant aim in the Equal Rights Amendments ratification failure. This implies that the pro- date lobby groups did not co-ordinate their actions well while fighting for the vulgar cause. Women were not united in their struggle for their rights. This was demonstrated by some women leaders such as Phyllis Schlafly, the right-wing leader of Eagle Forum, a lobby group that was created to stop ERA. Women who were in this group argued that ERA was going to deny women the right to obtain support from their husbands, women were going to be sent to battles, womens loneliness rights were going to be reversed, and that homosexual marriages and abortion rights was going to be upheld. Schlafly presented a consistent and coherent message, and this overcome the dispersed efforts from pro-ERA forces (Critchlow 215). The National Organization of Women (NOW) decided not to pursue a centrally managed and hierarchically organise support program for ERA. This is because it was faced with dilemmas regarding the organizational style to use while pushing for the amendment. This dilemma was brought slightly by the manner in which Schlaflys opposition was well organized. If NOW had chosen to adhere to its modify and participatory style of management to agitate for ratification of ERA against the properly orchestrated campaign, there was no way it was going to be successful. Its only option to counter Schlaflys campaign was to adopt the same campaign style, and this would mean that it compromises its ideals. Therefore, NOW chose to stick to its accustomed methods, and this led to ERAs defeat. The ratification mould was also made difficult by some external factors. For instance, the commanding Courts decision on the abortion case, Roe v. Wade on 22 Jan 1973, as well as the comprehensive appreciation for Senator Sam Ervin as the chairman of the Senate Watergate hearings that commenced in May, made it difficult for the proponents of ERA. Social conservatives and fundamentalists were angered by the decriminalization of abortion, and to make it worse, ERA was linked with upholding of the abortion rights (Wood 86). Therefore, they campaigned against ERA as a way of retaliating the Supreme Courts ruling. On the other hand, Senator Ervin had exemplary performed his duty as the chairman of the Senate Watergate hearings thus, he was viewed as a savior to the United States Constitution. His portfolio, as the Senate opposing leader to ERA, played a significant role in influencing the southern states to refuse to ratify ERA. It is worth noting that Schlafly also made use of Senator Ervins make up ones mind to propel her campaigns. She included Senator Ervins wife in her campaigns in order to make her campaigns have a national appeal bearing in mind that Senator Ervin was highly regarded (Critchlow 220). NOW and pro-ERA lobby groups had difficulties handling the pressures that was be exerted by the opposition groups. This is attributed to the fact that several opposition groups kept springing, and their number

The Value of University Education Research Paper

The Value of University study - Research Paper ExampleGradual developments in the field of facts of lifeal grading and prescribed patterns of line of business designs in various trades evolved the institution of high education centers called the universities. Presently, the academic sector of the entire globe is monitored by different universities according to the standards and expectations set by them. As the employment sector has grown enormously erupt of proportion with equal rise in merit expectations and with the conceptual development in business thoughts, employers control identified the need for acquiring high-end brains among the university graduates. Under the prevailing conditions in which successful university education is becoming the prevailing demand for acquiring a position in better companies, a comparative study of the determine of the two educational streams university graduation and high school graduation is necessary for better understanding the prospec ts of the students from every stream. Strength of University Graduation The prime edge of the university education is it adds value to the knowledge of individuals from the socio-ethical perspective beyond the confine time-bound courses most of the students learn for fixing their position in the job market. While analyse in a university campus, the students get elaborate exposure to different cultural and ethnic groups. This exposure takes them to the heights where they shine in the glory of technical aspects of their educational trade with ethical concern and social responsibility. According to certain observations university degrees bequeath students with the knowledge and skills that help make their lives meaningful and rewarding, and strengthen their contributions to society (Ensuring the values). A graduation from a reputed university doubtlessly guarantees all spheres of qualification for the student spiritual strength, academic excellence, forbearance and sprit of competi tion, which eventually turns them fit for adapting to changing conditions of schoolmaster ambience. The spiritual merit of an individual plays a vital role in the formation of his successful personalised life with capabilities to accept challenges and workout plans for action in a perfect way. From the academic point of view, students witness grass-root level standard of knowledge with enough practical experiences and the element of group learning by studying in a university. The prospects of patience containing competitive spirit help students frame sufficient amount of self-importance discipline which is a requirement for achieving higher targets. Moreover, a graduation from the university enables them to prepare themselves for better careers or for choosing higher education in various streams of excellence. The provision for graduate level expectations set by universities also helps students and educators omen the desired standards of education students are expected to attai n from their university graduation. This systematized training and evaluation pattern helps the hirers and policy makers in designing the courses according to the standards set for the academic as well as professional qualifications for separate careers. Benefits of university education individuals and society The importance of higher education from a university is reflected in the field of modern business world. It also provides better living standards and stability of income for the successful candidate as the investors of business

Creating an Inclusive School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creating an Inclusive School - Essay ExampleThe modified classes modify the special mooring students to access additional education benefits and programs.Rhonda and other special learners should benefit from LRE that allocates extra cartridge holder for tests and quizzes. This provides adequate time for properly tackling examination questions. The special education teachers should read aloud the test and quiz questions. This will enable easy understanding of examination instructions. The teacher should allow Rhonda and other special learners to utilize the computer in preparing written assignments. This improves the presentation and quality of written assignments. Special learners like Rhonda should be given preferential seating room arrangement at the front of the class. This ensures effective hearing and fires visibility during class lessons. The LRE ensures that parents or guardians of the special learners take part in the learning processes. This is because the parents are provided with extra education materials like textbooks. The education materials are used to go past the special learners during home studies.The school administrator should encourage adoption of two learning classes for special learners the special and the ordinary class. This will improve the education capabilities of special learners. The administrator should also budget for appropriate resources that enhance learning of special students like

The foundation of every state is the education of its youth Essay

The foundation of every(prenominal) state is the pedagogics of its y bulge outh - Essay Examplethe individual with a vision to go past with the ultimate goal of being instrumental in the future progress of unitarys demesne, education is the best alternative.The foundation of every state is the education of its youth. Traditionally, Americans pay back viewed education as a means of social advancement. By providing equal educational opportunity to all, schooling could serve as a progressive force for eliminating poverty and promoting economic equality. The study conducted by Alliance (2007) point out that dropouts are a drain on the economies of each state and the nation. Lower local, state, and national tax revenues are perhaps the most obvious consequence of higher dropout rates even when dropouts are employed, they earn significantly lower wages than graduates. State and local economies suffer further when they have less-educated populaces, as they find it more(prenominal) difficult to attract new business investment. Simultaneously, these entities must spend more on social programs when their populations have lower educational levels. Dropouts represent a tremendous waste of human potential and productivity, and reduce the nations ability to compete in an increasingly global economy.For the individual with a vision to excel with the ultimate goal of being instrumental in the future progress of ones nation, education is the best alternative. For the society, higher educations provides lower rate of unemployment, more tax revenues, lesser reliance on governmental support. In addition, those who acquired college education were found to smoke less, are more health conscious, and are less apt(predicate) to commit crimes. Education, per se, provides innumerable benefits for the individuals as well as for the society. There is a responsibility to ensure that every student who is granted the right to be educated would not only value and cherish the lessons well-read but more so, to share what they have learned in terms of making each and everyone sure of the importance that

MR4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MR4 - Assignment ExampleVoIP organization has the huge potential to provide call quality as well as reliability as compargond to other competitor who generally offer the service of landline calls or mobile phone (Moran).VoIP or Voice over IP provides a lot of clears over typical telephony, since they normally provide huge reduction in cost, less complication and extra highly developed features of communication. The most prominent benefit of VoIP technology is the prospective planned for savings the costs of telecommunications. The traditional and ancient phone services utilise for business can be quite costly as we take into account the cost of numerous phone lines, extra charges planned for some specific features analogous to three-way or conference calling, as well as the details that the majority telephone service providers use to pen nib business calls during a minute. So VoIP allows us to efficiently make our voice calls all through the similar data network that we generall y use for every day applications like Web access as well as e-mail, thus greatly confiscating the cost of dedicated voice lines (Moran).The Kaestners company provides a save online test to facilitate and verify the appropriateness of Internet connection designed by considering VoIP. It estimates how many coinciding VoIP calls our network might be possible to hold through measuring its bandwidth of both directions (which may be significantly less than the raw upload bandwidth of network) as well as latency. With the implementation of this technology we are able to provide a better support for the enhanced business administration and efficient operative support (Moran).Moran, Joseph. VoIP A Primer for Small Business. 16 November 2005. SmallBusinessComputing.com. 27 September 2010

Anatomy and physiology, Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Anatomy and physiology, Economics - Essay ExampleIn this essay, the effects of seat smoking on the health of people and the economy of the nation will be discussed.According to the CDC, in the United States, about 19.8 portion of all individuals over 18 days of era smoke cigarettes. It has been estimated that 43.4 billion people in the country resort to smoking. The activity is much in men than in women, firearm 22.3 share of men smoke, only 17.4 percent of women smoke. The highest incidence of smoking is between the age groups 18- 44 years and the lowest incidence is in the age group beyond 65 years. American Indians/ Alaska Natives have the highest incidence rates of smoking amongst ethnics groups, the rate being as high as 36.4 percent. The lowest rate is seen amongst Asians (9.6 percent).In the year 2007, it was estimated that 20 percent of high school students resorted to smoking (CDC, 2009). The rates were similar in girls and boys. maculation 21 percent of boys were s moker, 19 percent of girls were smokers. As far as ethnic groups were concerned, 23 percent of White high school students, 12 percent of Hispanic high school children and 12 percent of African American students were smokers. Every day, approximately 2900 young people between 12- 17 years of age group resort to their first experience of smoking (CDC, 2009).Smoking is associated with many health-related problems and hence is a study health-related issue. It is a leading cause of illness and death all over the world and also in United States. It affects almost every(prenominal) organ of the body, causes many diseases and reduces the general health of the smoker. It has been estimated that 1 in every 5 deaths in the United States is related to cigarette smoking. Every year about 438,000 deaths occur collectible to cigarette smoking (CDC, 2009). According to CDC, for every single individual who dies due to cigarette smoking, 20 more people suffer from atleast one serious ill effects o f smoking.

The underground world of commercial sex (Real Stories of Prostitution Essay

The underground world of commercial sex (Real Stories of prostitution in America) - Essay ExampleProstitution comes into different forms. It can be in a form of escort service, massage parlours onto the internet, or clubs bid the Bunny Ranch. One thing deeply interrelated with prostitution is drug addiction. Most women sex workers front on drug to be able to work as a prostitute or a hooker. When we talk about this topic, I must say that it is very(prenominal) important to pay consideration to the women and their sides of story. sometimes we judge them directly for what they ar or their profession, but not for who they really are. Some of these women, like those interviewed by Diane Sawyer, are victims of society. A lot of these girls are young who were systematically abused, who ran away from home, who need money, and are very vulnerable to promises that this so called profession can offer. But they stick to the job to live. This means that it is not in their free will that the y wanted to have a job like this. They resort to drugs to forget who they are and just do the job to support them. When they are on duty, they have to forget who they are and touch their customers fantasies, even if that means pretending to be their pretty nice little girlfriends and whatever they desire. It is just so sad that these women are more likely to get arrested than the johns who pay them.

Topic is to be an emerging or new technology of some kind Research Paper

Topic is to be an emerging or cutting technology of some kind - Research Paper ExampleHowever, in the topical times when totally over the world there is rapid change of technologies, it is vital to adapt to newer technologies. New technology mustiness meet the need of customers and it must be easy to implement (Souder and Sherman, 1994, p.45). One such technology is brisk banking facility. In earlier days banks used to keep customers money in vaults and would only meet monetary needs of the customers. Then financial data networks were create to facilitate electronic method of transfer of bills through interconnected banking system. Even then the customers had to be personally present in the bank to stick to or retrieve funds. Next ATMs provided the customers to do their banking in various locations. Now, more recently online banking through the lucre has reach a common occurrence. The latest technology in the line of banking facilities is roving banking. This technology hel ps the customers to do activities ilk transferring funds, checking balances, paying bills from their cell phones. Now customers rarely need to go to the bank to do their banking (Stair and Reynolds, 2009, p.17). ... (Krugel, 2007, p.3) dangerous edge of mobile banking technology Today customers do most of their banking either through personal computers or mobile phones. Mobile phones are in these days internet-enabled and private data either stay on a single device or float in the cyberspace and thus can be vulnerable to misuse (Mukherjee, 2008, p. 61). Mobile phones were primarily built for voice communications and as such lay down certain limitations that increase the risk operator in mobile banking. One major risk factor includes concern of confidentiality and integrity of data during transfer of information from and to banks wired core treat system and to wireless environment. There are many new(prenominal) limitations in mobile phone like small screen space, short battery life and lower processing speeds. There is withal the line of work of various data entry formats and also data storage capacity is limited. Attempts are being interpreted to reduce the risk factors through wireless markup language and wireless application protocol. The mobile manufacturers are also trying to improve the devices. But other risks which include security threat and authentication are salvage major issues of concern and unless measures are taken to resolve the security issues, mobile banking can never become the dominant channel for banking. Mobile technology of today can provide wide range options for mobile banking services. While some options can ensure high level of security there are other options which cannot promise the same security level. There is possibility to minimize the risk factors by introducing operational controls. In developing countries mobile handset technology is not of the highest level. In these countries risks of mobile

Chinesse Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinesse Culture - establish ExampleThe aim of this paper is to do just that, as healthful as discuss some(prenominal) some other particular issues, which are the history of china in the United States, the traditional Chinese perceptions of wellness and illness, the traditional Chinese healing methods and views on death, and the current healthcare problems of China. By thoroughly addressing and discussing all of these issues, we testament be able to come to a much more informed and knowledgeable understanding on the subject matter at hand overall. This is what will be dissertated in the following.The early history of China is rather complicated, primarily by that of the lack of a written language during this period, coupled with the existence of documents from subsequent time periods which attempted to described certain events which occurred several centuries beforehand, thus obviously causing quite a bit of confusion and complexion. However the earliest comprehensive history of China, the Records of the Grand Historian, which were written a Chinese historiographer named Sima Qian in the 2nd century BC, and as well the Bamboo Annuals, are both able to come and consequently show Chinese history from about 2800 BC, with an account of the Three August Ones and the Five Emperors. It is really considered as being unknown as to who the first Chinese was to set foot in America, it is pattern that more than likely it was a angleerman and that it was in San Diego. In the early 1850s, many Chinese came to atomic number 20 in search of gold, and later on they came as contract laborers to work on the railroads and other pull projects, and as gold mining was increasingly difficult for them and the construction projects were completed, they soon then began to seek other means of livelihood. From San Francisco and Monterey Bays the Chinese then began to go south to San Diego, where they ended up establishing a base to fish the waters all the way to Cabo San Lucas in Mexico. They established a fishing village at Roseville in Pt. Loma and another at the foot of San Diegos New Town, the latter village to become Chinatown. They dominated this industry until 1890, and during its pointedness built and sailed as many as 18 junks. Besides a wide variety of fish, they had max domain in the pursuit of abalone. They were able to supply all the fresh fish requirements of San Diego and to export dehydrated fish products to other Chinese communities worldwide (Lee, 1996). Then, starting in about the 1880s, the activities that were completed by the Chinese in San Diego increased, including construction of the Californian Southern Railroad between National City and San Bernardino, and as well they were involved with the work that was done on the San Diego Flume, which carried water from the Cuyamaca Reservoir to San Diego for 36 miles on 315 redwood trestles and by dint of 5 tunnels. Whats more, is that besides providing labor for large projects in irr igation and flood control, the Chinese were also involved generally in the mining of gold and precious gems in the mountains that centered in Julian. Besides fishing, which was one of the activities th

Natural monopoly Essay Example for Free

Natural monopoly evidenceI believe that times change and as they, change rules and regulations must adapt to the times. at that placefore, the treatment of the oppo pose industries must represent the different industries as they grow. I do not think the Telephone and disseminate should n invariably digest or ever be considered a Natural Monopoly. The concept of rude(a) monopoly presents a challenging public policy dilemma. On the one hand, a natural monopoly implies that efficiency in production would be better served if a individual firm supplies the entire market. On the other hand, in the absence of any competition the monopoly holder will be tempted to exploit his natural monopoly power in companionship to maximize its profits. A natural monopoly is defined in economics as an manu accompanimenturing where the fixed terms of the capital goods is so high that it is not profitable for a second firm to enter and compete. There is a natural reason for this exertion be ing a monopoly, namely that the economies of scale require one, kinda than several, firms. Small-scale ownership would be less efficient.Natural monopolies are typically utilities such as water, electricity, and natural gas. It would be very costly to build a second set of water and sewerage pipes in a city. Water and gas delivery service has a high fixed cost and a low variable cost. Electricity is promptly being deregulated, so the generators of electric power can now compete. But the infrastructure, the wires that carry the electricity, usually remain a natural monopoly, and the various companies send their electricity by dint of the same grid. Cable as a Natural MonopolyNearly every community in the coupled States allows unless a single cable party to operate within its borders. Since the Boulder decision 4 in which the U. S. Supreme Court held that municipalities might be subject to antitrust liability for anticompetitive acts, most cable immunitys have been nominally no nexclusive but in fact do operate to preclude all competitors. The legal rule for municipal regulation is that cable uses city-owned streets and rights-of-way the economic rationale is the assumption that cable is a natural monopoly. The theory of natural monopoly holds that because of structural conditions that exist in certain industries, competition between firms cannot endure and whenever these conditions exist, it is inevitable that only one firm will survive. Thus, regulation is necessary to dilute the ill-effects of the monopoly. 5 Those who assert that cable television is a natural monopoly focus on its economies of scale that is, its large fixed costs whose duplication by three-fold companies would be inefficient and uneconomical. Thus, competitive entry into the market should be proscribed because it is bound to be destructive.The combative Reality 1. A skeptic hearing exhortations that cable television is a natural monopoly that should be locally regulated could ha ve some questions at this point. First, if cable is a natural monopoly, why do we choose to guarantee it with a franchise? Economists Bruce Owen and Peter Greenhalgh argue persuasively that given economies of scale, if a cable company is responsive and efficient in its pricing and service quality then there will be little incentive for competitors to enter, and no need for an exclusionary franchise policy.9 Thus, if entry restrictions are necessary to arrest competition, the industry by definition is not a natural monopoly. 2. Second, if cable is a natural monopoly, is it necessarily a local monopoly? Some observers use the terms interchangeably, but there is no evidence that economic laws take to be municipal boundaries. Given large fixed costs, does it make mind to award a local franchise to one company when another already has facilities in an adjacent community? Yet such wasteful duplication, as the natural monopoly proponents would call it, occurs frequently under the franch ise system.Local franchises make no sense in a true natural monopoly setting. 3. These questions, however, go to the heart of natural monopoly theory itself, a article of belief that is under increasing attack. 10 In the face of crumbling conventional wisdom in this area, the burden should be on the natural monopoly proponents to demonstrate that competition is not possible, and further, that regulation is necessary. Such a demonstration will lay down impossible in the cable context. Cable is both extremely competitive, facing both direct and confirming market challenges, and, in any event, is better left unregulated.For many decades, economic textbooks have held up the telecommunications industry as the ideal model of natural monopoly. A natural monopoly is said to exist when a single firm is able to control most, if not all, output and prices in a given market imputable to the enormous entry barriers and economies of scale associated with the industry. More specifically, a mark et is said to be naturally noncompetitive when one firm can serve consumers at lower costs than two or much firms (Spulber 1995 31).For example, telephone service traditionally has required laying an extensive cable interlocking, constructing numerous calls switching stations, and creating a variety of support services, before service could actually be initiated. Obviously, with such high entry costs, youthful firms can find it difficult to gain a toehold in the industry. Those problems are compounded by the fact that once a single firm overcomes the initial costs, their average cost of doing business drops rapidly relation to newcomers. The telephone monopoly, however, has been anything but natural.Overlooked in the textbooks is the extent to which federal and state governmental actions throughout this deoxycytidine monophosphate helped build the ATT or Bell system monopoly. As Robert Crandall (1991 41) noted, Despite the popular belief that the telephone network is a natural monopoly, the ATT monopoly survived until the 1980s not because of its naturalness but because of overt government policy. I forecast that the above facts help support my beliefs that these industries should not be considered Natural Monopolies.These companies just executed and had better site than other in the same industry had. Today ATT is just as strong as it ever was.References Benjamin, S. M. , Lichtman, D. G. , Shelanski, H. , Weiser , P. (2006). FOUNDATIONS. In Telecommunications Law and Policy . (2nd ed. ). (pp. 437 469). Durham, NC Carolina Academic Press. Foldvary, F. E. (1999). Natural Monopolies . The Progress Report. Retrieved January 9, 2012, from http//www. progress. org/fold74. htm Thierer , A. D. (1994). UNNATURAL MONOPOLY CRITICAL MOMENTS IN THE training OF THE BELL SYSTEM MONOPOLY . 14(2).

Visual Aids for Language Teaching Essay Example for Free

Visual Aids for Language Teaching sampleThe use of visual aids is important if a teacher really wants to do a commodious job, redeem more than attractive classes and becharm better results from their students. Those aids atomic number 18 the picture which is entertaining and a good way for teaching, the radio a healthy appliance for improving the listening area, computers as a useful tool to study, and the video bins that make classes different, softly and let students to play and review the knowledge acquired. The television is a good way for teaching, the use of it makes the class more entertaining and it has different choices that teachers cod prospered classes. Teachers brush aside use the television to watch t. v programs when they assume to teach vocabulary. Films are also a good option especially because you can use the subtitles, so the students go forth listen and read e verything in the movie. Teachers also have the choice to watch news and soap operas with them, in this way they will pad listening, vocabulary, idioms, and so on. Television offers many channels and things we as teachers have the opportunity to admit in our classes making it different.Another significant item teacher use in class is the radio. This appliance is very powerful if you want to see your students lead faster and improve their listening area. Playing music during classes make students to have a better hearing condition for English. Most teachers use their cds or USB where they have listening activities and some songs in order to help students learn songs, vocabulary and also analyze lyrics. In addition, we can use the radio programs to work on listening converting it in a dynamic mode for the lesson.This aid allows teachers take advantage from it so as to create a garish environment. Nowadays, technology is very important because it is part of our life computers have become a useful tool for students as they are perfect for study wherever you want and at any time. Students can prepare documents like homework, supernumerary class works, essays, and many others papers for their classes at the same time they step up their written skills. By using the computer they have the chance to use internet here they can work on their listening, speaking and reading skills.The internet provides multiple web sites, in which they can study, do exercises, read books, suffice the pronunciation, and watch online movies and series where learners must listen to understand. Documentaries are also part of internet but they can rent it as well and watch it on the computer in this form they will learn about a specific topic and listen to new vocabulary. Moreover, they can prepare power billet presentations for expositions to make them more striking and cool.This equipment has facilitated people life and it is part of our daily routine so thats why teenagers love it and use it as many time as they can without omitting how helpful it is for them when they n eed to study. Furthermore, we have the famous video bins, which are very useful in our classes. It is now a nifty aid that teachers like to use because it makes your class different and softly. In addition to that, video bin is a good option if you want your students to play and review knowledge.Professors can present diagrams to explain new subjects, ppt presentations, videos cogitate with those topics, and also photos that help students memorize the new words. Additionally, in those ppt presentations you as a teacher may include some games for your class, for example who wants to be millionaire, jeopardy, educational torch, trivia, sing the song (karaoke), etc. Video bins are the in style(p) visual aid use in class by teachers for the purpose of increase the quality of the lessons, precondition them another way to show/ explain students what they need to learn according to their plan.The use of aids such as television, radio, computer and video bin transforms our classes in a n amusement place where students raise their knowledge and teachers get better outcomes from them. These items help to teach, learn, study, play and review awareness in a different and successful manner. Students will find the lessons enjoyable, funny, easier, dynamic, more relaxing and meaningful. Teachers are going to see the excellent grades from the learners and the desires from students to learn everyday more and more.

Information Technology Essay Example for Free

reading engineering science Essay nurture technology refers to the collection of tools that make it easier to use, create, manage and exchange tuition. The Internet is the up-to-the-minute of a long series of discipline technologies, which includes printing, mail, radio, television set and the telephone. It is the application of ready reckoners and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a cargon or other enterprise. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer ne 2rks, but it withal encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Information technology refers to the study and development of a support-management based, computerized information system. The development is mainly observed in the form of dedicated softw are applications and a number of hardware programs. The advantages of IT include work place cost-effectiveness and congenital glob alization.Why is Information Technology Important ?All our work related applications are now entirely automated, thanks to the IT sector. IT professionals are lot involved in essential management of sensitive data, exclusive computer networking and systems-engineering. The advancement of the IT sector has conduceed in automated Administration of entire systems. Globalization True globalization has become about only via this automated system. The creation of one interdependent system helps us to share information and end linguistic barriers across the continents. The collapse of geographic boundaries has make the world a global village. The technology has not only made communication cheaper, but also possible much quicker and plump out the clock. The wonders of text messages, email and auto-response, backed by computer security applications, bring forth opened up scene for direct communication. Cost-effective Computerized, internet patronage processes have made many businesse s turn to the Internet for change magnitude productivity, greater profitability, clutter free working conditions and global clientle. It is mainly due to the IT industry that business have been able to make their processes to a greater extent streamlined, thereby becoming more cost-effective and consequently more profitable. People are able to operate their businesses 247, even from remote locations only due to the advent of information technology. Communication Quick and effective communication is vital to any business anywhere in the world. Information technology gives an entrepreneur or business the tools, like email, video conferencing, SMS, etc., essential to communicate efficiently and effectively. to the business world, and information technology gives your company the resources it needs to communicate quickly and effectively. Not only do raft connect scurrying with the help of information technology, but they are also able to identify like-minded individuals and extend h elp, while strengthening ties. Storing and Protecting Information IT provides a low-cost business options to store and oblige information that may be important from a business or service point of view. practical(prenominal) vaults and other such security systems not only store vital data but also allow control over the access to such information. IT security systems will also protect practical(prenominal) data from being hacked or wiped out in case of any technical failure. Creation of red-hot Jobs iodine of the biggest advantage of IT has been the creation of a whole sassy field of opportunity for skilled effect leading to new and interesting jobs. Hardware and software developers, computer programmers, web designers, system analyst, the list of new jobs created could go on. IT has also been attributed to be the major cause of surge in the economies of certain Third solid ground nations too.Things that were once done manually or by hand have now become easier and faster due to the advent of a computing technology. Our world today has changed a great deal with the fear of IT which has penetrated almost every aspect of our daily lives and high society, from leisure to business. IT has become a part of our day-to-day lives with the evident use of PCs, Internet, cell phones, faxes, the list would seem endless. Let us hope that newer development in the field of IT can provide benefits to our future generations, just as it has greatly benefited ours.The Importance of Modern TechnologyModern technology has become so entrenched in the idea of a modern society that the two are nearly inseparable. Developing countries try to get better utilities, more vehicles, faster computers, as well as Internet and cell phone providers because thats what makes a modern society. Modern technology essential be implemented in order to accomplish the feats required of a modern society.HealthOne of the biggest benefits of modern technology is that human longevity and health have improved because of its application. As rationality of the bole and its functions improves, and as new tools to help heal it (lasers, sonograms, enhanced medication, and nonintrusive surgical tools, just to name a few) are created, life lasts longer. Not only does life extend, but throng can live more comfortably, and incur from wounds and diseases that even a half a century ago would have been fatal. In many cases these people live full, productive lives.CommunicationModern technology has revolutionized how people communicate. Since World War II, telecommunications and mass media have been growing by leaps and bounds. Radio, telephone, satellite communication, cellular technology, wireless Internet in the modern day two people can chat via a computer when theyre on opposite sides of the planet. Communication has shrunk the world, bringing people from all cultures and backgrounds into contact with each other.ResourcesModern technology allows resources to be expanded and fo r previously unused ones to be tapped into. If electricity is the lifeblood of a modern society, for instance, modern technology allows it to be harnessed in new ways. Coal-fired plants and gas-driven turbines are old, but serviceable. Wind and tidal generators use modern technology to harness forces on a shield that our ancestors would have thought impossible. Modern technology has also provided ways to grow more food, transport more people and make more products for a growing society.KnowledgeWhat modern technology really represents is an plus in knowledge and how people can use it. Modern technology is usually the direct result of discovery and experimentation. Technology is defined as the scientific method being used to achieve a commercial or industrial goal. So to create technology, a bigger base of knowledge and understanding must be created from which to draw on. As improvements are made to technology, so too are improvements made to the pool of knowledge.

Galileos Sense Experience Essay Example for Free

Galileos Sense consume EssayHow much can our senses truthfully tell us about the world around us? A persons five senses provide us with observational information that help us day after day. According to Galileo Galilei, sense experience is misleading in understanding how the world works. In his book On The knowledge domain Systems, Galileo expresses his view on the senses through the character Salviati, who is introduced by the translator, Finocchiaro, as an sound who takes the Copernican side (Finocchiaro, 4).Salviati is able to prove, even with opposition from the Aristotelian named Simplicio, that sense experience is unreliable in Galileos scientific method on the relativity of work. On the second day of their debate, Simplicio tries to refute the Copernican view that the senses are deceptive. Simplicio asseverates that according to the view of all philosophical schools, this criterion requires that the senses and experience be our guides in philosophizing (Finocchiaro, 212).In response to this, Salviati asks Simplicio to think of a st whiz falling from a tower and asks him to state how he perceives the motion. Simplicio responds that he nonices its descent in relation to the tower, for I now see it next to this match on the tower, then a little below that, and so on until I perceive it let down on the ground (Finocchiaro 213). They come up with the conclusion that, since their look would move for a falling rock, it is thence in motion, while a still rock would not be in motion because they would never have to move their eyes.In this case, their senses show them what is truly happening. However, Simplicio has a different situation to address. To present a more difficult scenario than the last, Salviati tells Simplicio to imagine being on a moving ship and to fix his eyes on the latch on of the mainsheet. Simplicio agrees with Salviati that, while he is on the ship, his eyes remain fixed on the tip of the sail regardless(prenominal) of any mo tion by the ship (Finocchiaro, 214). According to Simplicios senses, the tip of the sail is in no motion.Since it has already been stated that the ship is moving, Simplicios senses are deceiving him greatly. Salviati explains this phenomenon by telling Simplicio that this happens because the motion transmitted by the ship to the sail tread is also transmitted to you and your eyes, so that you need not move them at all in order to keep aiming at the tip of the sail yard consequently, it protrudes motionless to you (Finocchiaro, 214). Thus, the senses are confusing. You can compare this idea to the man itself.Although when we are on the Earth our senses capture it appear to be fixed and immovable, in relation to other bodies in the universe, the Earth is moving. Salviati begins to look at the greater picture of the universe. He first suggests other ways Salviati could figure out that the ship is in motion such as looking at trees and buildings on the shore but says to convince you rself of the lands motion by means of such an observation, I would say you should look at the stars which, because of the observation, appear to move in the opposite direction (Finocchiaro 218).Salviati believes that looking at the stars is essential in understanding that the Earth moves. The stars appear to us to move but really the Earths motion is moving on its axis. Sagredo, who has been quiet most of the debate, suggests the moon as another similar phenomenon to the ones discussed. Sagredo wisely states that those who are manner of walking on a street at night, it looks as if they are being followed by the moon at a pace equal to theirsthis is an appearance that real obviously would deceive the sense of plentifulness (Finocchiaro 219).Although it appears the moon is walking next to us at night, it is in its own motion around the Earth. The sense of sight is just as deceiving when viewing celestial bodies. In the book, On The World Systems Galileo proves to us that our sense s are one of the most unreliable components in observation. He shows us that we need to be careful with our observations whether they consist of rocks, ships, or stars.In his closing statement about relativity of motion and the senses, Salviati concludes that we ought to be more careful and less confident in regard to what at first sight is presented to us by our senses, and that they can considerably deceive us (Finocchiaro 218). Sense experience is a faulty part of Galileos scientific method. each inconsistency in sense experience can create inaccurate hypotheses about experiments and observations. Galileo uses On The World Systems to refute the Aristotelian view that the senses are our primary resources in philosophizing. In fact, our senses tell us very little about philosophy at all.

Eth125 Diversity Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Eth125 Diversity Worksheet Essay1. What is renewing? why is diversity valued?Diversity is having variety. Diversity is valued because there are all sorts of ethnic groups, races, household income ranges, and so forth Diversity can be classified as basically what runs our countries economy in a behavior if you nevertheless think about it. All these races and ethnic groups with a various range of incomes and the more notes made, the more money spent, which in return boosts our economy.2. What is ethnocentrism? In what ways can ethnocentrism be detrimental to a society?Ethnocentrism is the belief in the superiority of the nation or group to which whateverone belongs. It can be detrimental to society because there are groups and people out there that dont view that the nation is superior and that everyone just needs to live their own lives not caring about anyone else. just about people give a negative attitude towards superiority in the nation and its presidential term as a result of what our political sympathies does and what it doesnt do also.Like people think the government is trying to take everyones homes away from them as a result of the government raising property taxes which is just plain stupid because there are so many low income families that cant suffer property taxes as it is and theres going to end up being a dish up of bank owned homes all over the U.S. if they keep raising taxes and what not. Thats the perspective I have on it.3. Define emigration and immigration.Emigration is when someone intentionally moves from their home outlandish to permanently cool off in an some other. Immigration is when someone or a group of people move into another country or region to which they are not native in order to settle there.4. What are some of the ways groups of people are identified?Ways groups are identified are race, ethnicity, religion and gender.5. Why do people label and group other people?People label and group other people in order to give them a distinct identity in the society. Labeling can be both positive and negative to the individual that is being labeled.6. Define culture. Is culture bound to racial and ethnic backgrounds? Explain.Culture is the behaviors and beliefs that are characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. No, culture is not limited to racial and ethnic backgrounds as its a multi-layered property of our societies and people from other cultures are also influenced by the many groups of people that make up the country.

How Soccer Could Positively Affect America Essay Example for Free

How association football Could Positively Affect America EssayT present is a sport aside there that pile can put aside their problems, hatred, and differences and instead put in all their warmth and love for the sport on the field. This sport has changed the world in many ways and has now move more than a sport. It has shape an instrument of peace, unity, and business. It has brought many positive cultural, business, and economic effects in this world. Its the beautiful sport of soccer the universal language of the world. Soccer reduces gang related violence and has become a tool of peace.Soccer for Peace is a non-profit organization aiming to unite children of war-torn nations in their shared out love of soccer (Soccer for Peace). It was founded by a German graduate student Jurgen Griesbeck in 1996 and it is one of the almost successful anti-violence organizations in war-torn cities (Lawrence). Originally conceived as a one-time fundraiser, benefiting the youth soccer t eam of Israels only Jewish-Muslim-Christian village, Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam, Soccer for Peace has since become an ongoing peace-building effort (Soccer for Peace).One of the places where one can get a line the positive impact the Soccer for Peace organization has brought to is in Medellin, Colombia, South America. Soccer for Peace arrived in Medellin in 1996. Soccer for Peace is one of the most successful anti-violence organizations in this war-torn city of 1. 5 million, which suffers nearly 5,000 murders each year. Young players, who are or used to be part of a gang, converge every Sunday in San Blas, one of Medellins hillside slums.About 300 teams in Medellin wear Soccer for Peace uniforms, and each weekend there are 60 games. In Medellin, where gang rivalries pushed young people apart, most could still agree on only one thing, their love for soccer. Griesbeck says that before he here came to Medellin, he never would have thought of soccer as a tool for peace, but he says th at for Medellin it is obvious (Lawrence).

East Coast vs. West Coast Essay Example for Free

eastside coast vs. westernmost Coast EssayThroughtaboo the nineties there was an movement in hip hop, the infamous eastward coast rap vs due west coast between rap medicationians. It was a insulational movement that caused two sides to block the lives of cardinal most influential rappers in the music industry, Notorious B.I.G and Tupac Shakur. Both rappers with standardised backgrounds progress to changed the music scene completely with matchless sudden movement. Known mainly for their rivalry against one a nonher and compared because of the backgrounds, these twain artisan had quite a oddment to one some other. Notorious B.I.G and Tupac Shakur are great influential artist in the music industry and had similar backgrounds precisely distinctive enough to cause a separation that stoopd the music industry then and now. I had watched a documentary, based off of the infamous rappers and their start up in the music industry, titled Tupac and Biggie where I got infor mation on both sides. To begin with both rappers had similar upbringing for instance, were born in the state of New York, Tupac in Harlem and Biggie in Brooklyn. However, Tupac did move around increment up to Baltimore, Maryland in 1984 and finally to Oakland, California in 1988 by the age of 17.Biggie had more of an elicit beginning, unlike his soon to be rival, he had been raised by a single mother who was a teacher and had lived in a 3 bedroom apartment, not how he claimed on his song juice as a one-room shack. Meanwhile, Tupac was withal raised by a single mother, however had been a part of the anti-government collection the Black Panther Party, which would after be a foundation to his rap verses on political stans. Like most rappers they both would consecrate a rough upbringing, and Biggie would start drug relations at the age of 14 to help support his family, till discovered musically. Interestingly enough, Tupac had an interest in acting and attend performing art scho ols and create his passion for poetry, turned later to rap rhymes. Tupac was the privileged one, and was able to join a music group to help his career while Biggie had to perform out in the streets, as the footage shows. Also, in the film, they discuss how both rappers dropped out of high school around the comparable age, 17,and both to pursue their music passions and help support the family they had. The upcoming of both rappers would limit each on their music that would have an preserve on the top charts. Musically, both rappers had distinctive sounds, Biggie was known to have a rectify flow and well produced beat thatwas more Top 40, while Tupac had a greater influence on lyricism because of his deep passion for poetry and political stans.Tupac was well known to speak his mentality explicitly and rhymed most topics such as, women rights, african american discrimination, and police injustice. Something most seem to entomb is that Biggie used to have open shows for Tupac b efore the notorious rapper would have his own high fame, this also showed that both rappers had a great friendship before a great dispute The documentary shows elevated footage of the two hugging after Biggies first album release and great success. The two were love by audiences and fans but had showed within the top charts throughout the nineties. On ratings Biggie was in the lead with fewer single that reached higher spots on the charts. Meanwhile, Tupac delivered over 15 singles, and not as legion(predicate) reaching high spots as Biggie had with only 10 singles. Although, both lyrically did have similar writing, rapping about unworthy upbringings, whether it was an alter ego for Biggie or reality for Tupac, fans wanted more of this profound explicit music. Undoubtedly the two are compared to see which was better, personally cannot judge which was better because of the differences they had on their music, biggie flowed, but tupac spoke. Another great influence these both rappe rs had for their music and personal lives, was the cliques they surrounded themselves with throughout their high points in fame and fortune.The film talks about how Tupac joined a musical rap group when he had moved to California, Digital Underground, but later had gone solo and joined the record family, Death Row Records. Meanwhile Biggie was compacted onto Bad male child Records, and he had been signed onto the record company by another famous rapper Diddy. Tupac was around many people however, one of his many allegiances was Suge Knight. Suge Knight is an founder of the record company Tupac had been signed onto and was often seen with Tupac by the media in photographs and video footage. Throughout the film the audience is drawn towards the conclusion that Suge Knight was involved in both deaths of Tupac and Biggie. Aswell as Suge Knight, Diddy was also involved in the murders of both musicians, as the film goes on. The death of both rappers were similar but different from one another. The dispute between the rappers had started because of Suge Knight and Diddy, creating the West Coast vs East Coast dispute in the Hip Hop community. This great dispute would have each Coast of rappers defensive over the side they were representing, and cause a hugerivalry between everyone. From rap group NWA to rappers such as, Snoop Dogg and Nas, everyone in the Hip Hop world took a side.After releasing a record titled Who Shot Ya? Tupac was under the impression Biggie had been set out to kill him after a robbery at his home that nearly ended his life with the theifs holding him at gunpoint one night. This would add fuel to the burning flame that they were trying to burn out caused by the record company executives, Suge and Diddy. After one diss record after another the two rappers, Biggie and Tupac seemed to enjoy the drama but were on high alert for one another. However in the end, Tupac was shot and killed in Las Vegas, Nevada on kinfolk 13, 1996, he had been kicked o ut and forced to leave a casino one night after a brawl. Less than a year later, Biggie was shot and killed on March 9, 1997 in Los Angeles, California. Biggie had left a transcription studio in Los Angeles, and when outside was shot in his vehicle. Both rappers had a big influence on the music industry, however the fans were left with legends gone too soon. More importantly the deaths of the rappers were a huge clashing on the community they each had represented.In Brooklyn, during the funeral of the Notorious B.I.G. many fans of the community were outside in the streets show their wonder that the rapper had deserved. In the film you see footage of the funeral with hundreds of fans onlooking the hearse carrying his body throughout the streets of Brooklyn that he had onced hussled to make a living. At one point of the funeral footage, you can see fans playing one of his hit singles and spring to the rap song, showing that no matter if dead or alive, the rapper would live on and have respect in the community and be played. However on the other Coast, only close friends of Tupac attended his funeral even though there were many candle lighting ceremonies for the rapper from fans. Tupac was cremated and his ashes were spreaded into the ocean in the West Coast, as well as a few of his favorite things such as, Hennessy liquor, cigarettes, cds and specie chains. The legacy of each rapper was different from one another, Tupac spoke for African American men that had been mistreat by the corrupted justice system, and also towards women, and the respect they should deserve from men. The Notorious B.I.G. left his community with object on universe able to succeed no matter where you came from and gave hope to many.Both of the rappers left an impact on the music industry and had different legacies for their community and fans.Without a doubt, both rappers have had influenced many forward-looking day rappers that are or arent in the industry today. The documentary s hows different musicians, some that are not even in the rap genre, talking about how each rapper left an impact on their lives, A famous rapper by the name of 50 cent says in the film, that there was not going to be another rapper like Tupac and that there was not going to be another rapper like Biggie. Many artist now pay homage to both rappers to show respect on the struggle Hip Hop has had in being accepted. Now a days rappers have showed respect in many ways such as giving shout outs on songs to the rappers or sample beats from past hits of the late rappers, to even having holograms of the artist at live shows. Another sign of respect to the artist is that their music goes on, even after being gone, unreleased music of both rappers rises to the humanity every now and then to remember the days the rappers held the crown.Biggie has released three albums since his death and Tupac five, music that was intended to be released at a point but after the misfortunate deaths was never co mpletely finished. With posthumous albums being released it gives inspiration for musicians to get more of a better understanding of the rappers and pass techniques used by the rappers. The distinctiveness in each rappers work of music, left an influential aspiration for other musicians in the industry, Biggie had a better rhythm with his rhymes and Tupac was open to talk about social issues going on. In the end, both rappers were raised otherwise and had different backgrounds that influenced their work. Yet throughout their careers the similarities of the rappers was visible and the distinctiveness caused a barrier in their friendship. Leading to a grand movement in music history, but also the the deaths of both rappers. Tupac and Biggie are some of the great influentials of rap music and have caused similar aspirations for other artist.Works CitedBiggie and Tupac. Dir. Nick Broomfeild. Perf. The Notorious B.I.G., Tupac Shakur, Nick Broomfeild. FilmFour, 2002. DVD.

Native Americans and Colonization Essay Example for Free

aboriginal Americans and Colonization Essay inborn Americans had inherited the shore up now called America and eventually their lives were destroyed due to European Colonization. When the Europeans arrived and settled, they changed the indigene American right smart of conduct for the worst. These changes were caused by a number of factors including infirmity, loss of land, attempts to export religion, and laws, which violated Native American culture. Native Americans never came in contact with diseases that developed in the Old World because they were separated from Asia, Africa, and Europe when ocean levels come up following the end of the last Ice Age. Diseases like smallpox, measles, pneumonia, influenza, and malaria were unknown to the Native Americans until the Europeans brought these diseases over time to them. This triggered the largest community decline in all recorded history. Fifty percent of the Native American population had died of disease within twenty years . Soon after, Native Americans began to question their religion and doubted the ability of shaman to heal. This was the first standard towards the destruction of Native cultures.The Native Americans had never experienced anything like these deadly diseases before and they came to believe that Europeans had the causality to kill or give life. Many Native groups, because they were nomadic, didnt see land as belonging to ace person. The idea that someone could come in, claim a piece of land and ban them from it, caused many problems. They could no longer hunt or forage for food in places they had always done so. Fights over territories began to breaking out and groups who always had plenty of food, now barely had enough.Many Christian missionaries tried to force Native American people to abandon traditional religious beliefs and practices (Mayo, 33). Christian missionaries would sometimes launch attacks on Native American religious institutions when forcing them to convert to Chris tianity did not work. These harmful attacks destroyed not only their temples and religious artifacts, hardly also a huge part of their culture. Laws were introduced that protected the land and property the colonists had acquired, banned most of their religious ceremonies, and forced the children into the European educational system.The Europeans wanted to deny the Native Americans of their cultural identity, which eventually would end up wiping them out. Native Americans were deeply effected by colonization. It was extremely unfair of the Europeans to destroy Native American way of life. If the Native Americans had the weapons, like guns and disease, that the Europeans did, then maybe they could have fought for what was theirs. Europeans came to America and changed the Native Americans lives forever. This contact between the Native Americans and Europeans was called the Columbian Exchange.While both Native Americans and Europeans received advantages and disadvantages from the Colum bian Exchange, Native Americans definitely suffered more duration the Europeans were benefited more. It is not right that the Native Americans lived on American land all their lives and had the land as soundly as their culture taken away from them in a matter of only a some years. Mayo, Louise A. American Dreams and Reality A Retelling of the American Story, Volume 1 Second Edition. Illinois Abigail Press, 2000.

Business Report Essay Example for Free

Business accounting EssayBusiness opportunities in NSW are repaired by internal and immaterial factors. Internal and external factors catch the transmission line opportunities as they determine the success and failure of opportunities in the business environment. External moulds are factors which mainly influence the environment outside the business and in that respectfore they determine what the management staff inner(a) the business must do to adjust with the changes in the external environment.External influences include factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as economic, financial, geographic, tender, ratified, political, institutional, technological, competitive situation and markets. Internal influences are factors touching the business from within i. e. intern all toldy. Internal influences include factors such as product, localisation of function, management, resource management and business culture. The following business report is commissi unitaryd to exami ne the influence of external and internal factors of business opportunities in NSW.The economic influence includes factors which relate to changes in the wider economy i. e. booms and recessions in the economy. The benefit of a growing economy allows opportunities for a business to increase profit, so businesses are qualified to experience rising living standards. Booms and upswings benefit business opportunities as they are periods where the economy is going with a positive phase where businesses have the opportunity to increase their positive total revenue. Consequently, this will prolong to a rise in employment, consumer spending and wages.On the other hand, Busts and downswings are periods where businesses are contacted negatively. An instance of a business which suffered from the negative factors of the economic cycle was Harvey Norman. Sydney Morning Herald (SMH) reported Harvey Norman go through a downswing period as profits decreased from $128. 95 one thousand millio n to $81. 9 million and total gross sales had a decline of 7. 3% due to lack of consumer spending. Financial influences involve deregulation which is the removal of government regulations from the industry in hope of improving competition.The improvement of competition allows businesses the opportunity to improve efficiency and productivity of their employers and aim to achieve their required goal. Woolworths and Coles have youthfully removed regulations relating to supplier payments in tack together to lower costs and open up opportunities to expand their business and increase profit. Geographical influences such as location will determine the growth and development of a specific business.Geographical influences impact business opportunities as it proffers challenges to increase profits, sales and expansion of business. An example of expansion of business is IKEA who have grow their business to Melbourne, Australia because of economic growth in the Australian economy. Due to dramatic increase in consumer spending, IKEAs profit increased rapidly and therefore they were able to purchase an 80, 000 metre square warehouse. Geographical influence impacts on business opportunities as it increases employment, sales and expansion of business as seen by the actions of IKEA.Social influences provide opportunities for businesses to change or develop to meet consumer subscribes. Social influences such as changes in consumer tastes and preferences signifi domiciliatetly impacts on business productivity and opportunities. Failure for a business to satisfy consumers wants preserve be pernicious to a business and therefore can lead to a decrease in profits and sales or even cessation if they fail to meet consumer hires. An example of social influence on a business is the impact of the panache of clothing of AussieBum.AussieBum manufactures and sells their products via the internet and are successful as their material and style of the underwear and beach clothing i s famous among society. The business is successful as the material they produce is unique. Additionally, the location of the manufacturing is based in Australia further satisfying the taste and preferences on Australian consumers. Social influences for this business includes its consumers demanding Australian manufacturers to maintain uniqueness and reflect the Australian image and consumers demanding products to be purchased over the internet.In this case, AussieBum successfully responds to social influences by having the correct production process of manufacturing their commodities and satisfying consumer demand and preferences. Legal influences impacts on business opportunities as it sets out regulations and laws that impacts business operations. Legal influences sets out guidelines that prevents businesses from discriminating or financial rorting. Additionally, legal influences such as laws and contracts can impact businesses as they are forced to buy from specific and this affe cts their total revenue.An example of legal influence on a business is the investigation of Coles. A recent article published by Sydney Morning Herald states that Coles is undergoing an investigation on discrimination between suppliers based on their private chase brands. This breaches statutes which include anti discrimination laws. Legal investigation is costly and affects consumer buying and spending at this business. Hence, it is authoritative for businesses to abide by legislations to take advantage of the opportunities and maintain consumer satisfaction.Political influences impact businesses as government policies can lead to business uncertainty or business confidence. Political influences impact businesses as they implement policies which can change the structure of businesses. An example of political influences on a business is the impact the carbon assess has on BHP Billiton, a company in the mining industry. The carbon tax affects the company as BHP Billiton is in a flash in charge of paying taxes which affect the companys total revenue as there is an increase in costs.The carbon tax affects business opportunities in BHP Billiton as they are unable to learn new efficient and productive employees due to increase in their costs. Business opportunities in NSW can likewise be affected by taxation that can increase business costs and therefore cut the businesses ability to expand or increase their profit or sales. Additionally, the exchange rate can affect the volume of import and exports from global markets hence impact of the price of products.Institutional influences refer to three bodies (Federal, State, and Local) which all have factors which impact business opportunities in NSW. The regulations of institutional influences are the safety and protection of employers in the business, the arrogant minimum wage, payment of taxes, approving new development and simple business codes of conduct and abiding by the legal business laws. These factors impact business opportunities as businesses must abide by these regulations in order to continue running and the breaching of the regulations can result in penalties which may affect the business financially.A recent investigation involving Coles breaching these regulations as they demanded additional payments from their suppliers led to a decrease in profits and loss of other suppliers. These factors affected Coles as their supply of specific products is decreasing yet they have such high demand but in result arent able to satisfy consumers wants. Business opportunities are impacted by the institutional influences as businesses are forced to run in a certain way as it can affect their financial status as well as their reputation if they fail to do so.Technology is improving at a rapid pace and allowing businesses to produce more than than expeditiously. Technological influences impact vehicle manufacturing businesses such as Holden. Holdens vehicles are produced rapidly because of innovative technology. The new Holden Barina features Apples Siri voice command providing more features and improving the product. Additionally, technological influence can impact businesses negatively. For example, technological advancements very much replace employees and this decreases the opportunity of hiring new employment contributing to unemployment.Nonetheless, technological influences provide opportunities for businesses to produce products more efficiently and in turn increase their total revenue. Competition is advantageous to both consumers and businesses as it provides opportunities for improvement and demand for consumer satisfaction. A competitive situation often influences businesses to lower prices of its products to gain consumer satisfaction. For example, Woolworths and Coles promote lower prices to compete with one another. This provides consumers with wider range of choice and preferences.More so, they promote consumer points for purchasing goods and servic es at their store to remain competitive. Also, Jetstar has a policy which states they will provide a 10% discount on their service if their competitive airlines (i. e. virginal Australia and Tiger Airways) offer a cheaper price for their service.In recent times financial/capital, labour and consumers have importantly changed. Financial/capital markets have seen international financial/capital flows become more flexible and tardily accessible due to globalisation.Therefore, markets are more integrated. ASX is an example of these changes as the business has now made it more easily accessible for consumers to purchase and sell shares globally over the internet. Financial/capital markets influence business opportunities as businesses in NSW are linked globally are able to communicate and operate more efficiently. However, negative economic influence can impact on domestic markets in NSW which can frustrate on business operations.

Australian Wine Industry Essay Example for Free

Australian Wine Industry EssayIn addition, this trend is enforced by a global deliverance with increasing free trade, international business collaboration, strategic alliances and a global currency. Geographically Australia is well situated to capitalise on the Asian boom and vino meets the Asian demand for Western style products. As for the domestic market, despite the fact that there has been minimal focus on developing new vino-coloured consumers during the last ten years, domestic sales have continued to expand in entertain earlier than volume.Population growth in prime wine consuming age groups, the emerging generation who has liberal up with wine consumption, the changing demographic profile of the Australian population, growth in the dining emerge market, increasing popularity of the Mediterranean diet, tourism growth and the quest for more individualised beverage experiences are real opportunities exist for increasing domestic wine consumption. 1. 1. 2 Economic conditions Although a decline in the value of the Australian dollar inhibits profitability and the ability of Australian winemakers to hit key price oints, it helps to stimulate the new(prenominal) countries to import Australian wine because of lower price Increase in demand for wine may be attributed to the following economic factors changing living standard, changes in the relative price of wine to new(prenominal) goods and services, the introduction of fringe benefits tax and the modification of sales tax to wine and other beverages. 1. 1. 3 kind and cultural trends Although nowadays, there is a strong trend away from alcohol beverages and alcohol consumption, quality add-in wine still be a optite one for consumers.The image of a man po bow wine, bottles to bottles until get drunk is no longer seen. People do not drink wine in quantity but prefer quality alcohol. Sales in cask wine decline whereas lettuce in bottled semi-premium or premium wine increase. The reason for t his can be explained by Quality table wine has its own image and status, engenders high consumer involvement, provides variety, and has a range of flavour complexity. It is therefore a stronger pick to other non-alcoholic beverages (soft drinks, bottled water, fruit drinks and coffee) than is beer or spirits. Quality wine has acknowledged health attributes. Recent research showed its personal effects in reducing cardio vascular disease. People look for more spiritual meaning in their lives. They favour healthy products, healthy lifestyle and show environmental concerns. Media, advertising, transparency, and openness in marketing. Many of these trends favour the Australian wine application. Wine will meet the future consumers demand for individualised, customised products which are natural, environmentally friendly and healthy. 1. 1. 4 Political and legal forcesThe Australian wine industry has set a target to be the worlds most influential and profitable wine producer in the Year 2025. It is supported by government in terms of providing a positive investment climate and facilitation infrastructure. Taxation Certainty in the retention of the veritable taxation level and structure for wine and brandy Review the method for valuing trading stock, particularly the maturation of wine stocks geared to premium wine production Maintain the current vineyard depreciation provisions modify other taxation provisions which inhibit growth or prejudice quality.Facilitation Maintain support for industry research and development Enhance support for wine export promotion Upgrade Government contributions to educational activity and to strategic data collection Continue the commitment to industrys pro market self regulation call for appropriate water access and pricing policies. 1. 1. 5 Technology Technology is of vital importance to Australia wine industry. It can help to improve productivity, economic of scale, efficiency and quality of products. In addition, the industry is also strongly committed to environmentally friendly production.

Serum Urate Concentrations and the Risk of Hyperuricemia

blood blood serum Urate Concent proportionalityns and the Risk of HyperuricemiaCommon UCP2 mutations convey to serum urate parsimoniousnesss and the take a chance of hyperuricemiaLuyu Yang, Zheng Dong, Jingru zhou, Yanyun Ma, Weilin Pu, Dongbao Zhao, Hongjun He, Hengdong Ji, Yajun Yang, Xiaofeng Wang, Xia Xu, Yafei Pang, Hejian Zou,Li Jin,Chengde Yang*, Jiucun Wang**Corresponding authorThese authors equally contributed to this sphere.AbstractElevated serum urate, which is correct at eightfold takes including componenttic variants, is a risk component for gout and former(a) metabolic diseases. This reputation aimed to investigate the fellowship betwixt UCP2 variants and serum urate as well as hyperuricemia in a Chinese population. In complete, 4332 individuals were geno emblemd for both common UCP2 variants, -866G/A and Ala55Val. These loci were not associated either serum urate level or with a risk of hyperuricemia in the measure company of subjects. However, in f e manfuls, -866G/A and Ala55Val were associated with a tear down serum urate (P = 0.006 and 0.014seperately) and vie a protective role against hyperuricemia (OR = 0.80, P = 0.018 OR = 0.79, P = 0.016). These intimacys were not discover in the males. subsequently further stratification, the devil loci were associated with serum urate in dense, but not underweight females. The haplotype A-T (-866G/A-Ala55Val) was a protective grammatical constituent for hyperuricemia in the female subgroup (OR = 0.80, P=0.017). This lay out field of honor identified a novel gene, UCP2, that twines the serum urate concent proportionalityn and the risk of hyperuricemia, and the degree of tie beam varies with gender and BMI levels.IntroductionUric acid is the final product of purine oxidation in humans. Elevated serum urate, or hyperuricemia, has long been recognized as an independent risk factor for gout 1-2. There is a renewed interest in hyperuricemia and its association with a number of other clinical disorders including hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney diseases, and abdominal fleshiness, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, which are often subsumed under the term metabolic syndrome 3.Serum urate is balanced betwixt uric acid production in the liver and its disposal via the kidney and gut 4. The position of hyperuricemia could be ca employ by disruptions in any part of this metabolic process. Both transmitted and environmental factors, such(prenominal) as gender and body mass index (BMI), have a strong outcome on the risk of hyperuricemia 3. Among those factors, the attribution of genetic factors is estimated to be as high as 73% 5. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 28 loci associated with serum urate concentration 6. However, only approximately 7% of the variation in serum urate concentration could be explained by those reported loci, suggesting the missing heritability rem ained to be explored 6.Human uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are mitochondrial transporters present in the inner membrane of mitochondria 7. UCPs are capable of uncoupling ATP production from mitochondrial respiration by causation proton leak and preventing mitochondrial hyperpolarization and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 8. Among the five identified UCPs, UCP2 is widely expressed in well-nigh all mammalian tissues including white adipose tissue, liver, kidney, pancreatic islets, macrophages and retinal endothelial cells, indicating its involvement in a variety of physiologic or pathologic events 9-12. Two of the most common polymorphisms of this gene, -866G/A (rs659366) in the booster station and Ala55Val (rs660339) in codon 55, were identified as being associated with diametrical phenotypes 7, 12, including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size, coronary thrombosis incidence and other metabolic dis orders 9-10, 13-21.Given the involvement of UCP2 and hyperuricemia in a variety of metabolic disorders, we selected the two common loci -866G/A and Ala55Val to explore the association between genetic UCP2 variants and hyperuricemia in a Chinese population, fling a new diagnostic or therapeutic target for hyperuricemia.ResultsThere was noassociation between SNPs and serum urateThe two loci were proven in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (-866G/A P = 0.990 Ala55Val P = 0.690). For -866G/A, AA, AG, and GG genotypes accounted for 21.6%, 49.9%, and 28.6% of hyperuricemic patients, respectively in muscular controls, the distribution was 21.2%, 49.6%, and 29.3%, respectively. As shown in Table 1, the -866G/A polymorphism was not rear to be associated with serum urate (AA/GG genus Beta = -0.008, P = 0.644 AG/GGBeta = -0.012, P = 0.474) or with the risk of hyperuricemia (AA/GG OR = 1.05, P = 0.603 AG/GGOR = 1.03, P = 0.667). For Ala55Val, the TT, TC, and CC genotype distribution was 21.5%, 50.5% and 28.0% in hyperuricemic patients, respectively, and the distribution was 21.5%, 49.8% and 28.6% in hearty controls, respectively. No association was observed between Ala55Val polymorphism and serum urate (TT/CC Beta = -0.013, P = 0.460 TC/CCBeta = -0.017, P = 0.324). There was no difference in the distribution of the genotypes or alleles among hyperuricemic patients and healthy controls (TT/CC OR = 1.02, P = 0.824 TC/CCOR = 1.04, P = 0.652). Therefore, no statistically real evidence support the genetic effect of -866G/A and Ala55Val on serum urate or the risk of hyperuricemia in the total group of subjects.UCP2 variants were associated withserum urate andhyperuricemia in female subgroupsAs shown in Table 1, we stratified all subjects into male and female subgroups to further explore the gender-related genetic effects of the two polymorphisms. In the male subgroups, there were no remarkable associations between the two loci and serum urate or the risk of hyperuricemia (all P 0.025). However, some nominal significant associations were found between -866G/A and the hyperuricemia risk (genotype AA OR = 1.26, P = 0.038 allele A OR = 1.12, P = 0.035), indicating a possible risky effect of the -866G/A variant on hyperuricemia incidence in males.A significant association was found between SNPs and serum urate and hyperuricemia in the female subgroups. The -866G/A genotypes were associated with a start out serum urate (AA/GG Beta = -0.078, P = 0.015 AG/GG Beta = -0.104, P = 0.001) and a change magnitude risk of hyperuricemia (AG/GG OR = 0.71, P = 0.025). The subjects carrying allele A had a reduce serum urate and a decreased risk of hyperuricemia (A/G Beta = -0.054, P = 0.006 OR = 0.80, P = 0.018). For Ala55Val, genotype TT carriers showed a lower serum urate (TT/CC Beta = -0.075, P = 0.022) and a decreased risk of hyperuricemia (TT/CC OR = 0.64, P = 0.020). Genotype TC carriers only had a lower serum urate (TC/CC Beta = -0.082, P = 0.012) but no decreased risk of hyperuricemia (TC/CC OR = 0.77, P = 0.093). Allele T was associated with a lower serum urate (T/C Beta = -0.049, P = 0.016) and a decreased risk of hyperuricemia (T/C OR = 0.79, P = 0.016).Further abbreviation of associationin femaleswith different BMI levelsFurther abridgment was performed regarding the genetic effect of UCP2 variants on serum urate and the risk of hyperuricemia among females with different BMI levels (Table 2). The bulk of the females enrolled were stratified into sane- or overweight group (Table 2). In the underweight subgroup, whose sample size was limited after stratification, no significant association was observed between the two loci and serum urate or hyperuricemia risk (all P 0.025, Table 2). In the normal weight subgroup, -866G/A genotype AA+AG carriers were associated with a lower serum urate (AA+AG/GG Beta = -0.095, P = 0.022) but not with a decreased risk of hyperuricemia (AA+AG/GG OR = 0.65, P = 0.076). However, the Ala55Val genotypes or alleles showed no statistical association with serum urate (TT+TC/CC Beta = -0.070, P = 0.091 T/C Beta = -0.047, P = 0.106) or hyperuricemia (TT+TC/CC OR = 0.72, P = 0.173 T/C OR = 0.72, P = 0.051). In the overweight subgroup, the genotypes of both loci were associated a lower serum urate (AA+AG/GG Beta = -0.138, P = 0.001 TT+TC/CC Beta = -0.130, P = 0.003) and a significant, or at least marginal, decreased risk of hyperuricemia (AA+AG/GG OR = 0.62, P = 0.015 TT+TC/CC OR = 0.74, P = 0.027). However, the alleles of the loci were associated with a lower serum urate level (A/G Beta = -0.072, P = 0.019 T/C Beta = -0.072, P = 0.019) but not with a decreased risk of hyperuricemia (A/G OR = 0.75, P = 0.036 T/C OR = 0.74, P = 0.027). Our results suggested a stronger effect of UCP2 variants on overweight females than on normal weight females (Table 2).Association between haplotypes and risk of hyperuricemiaAs listed in Table 3, the haplotypes of the two loci were estimated in the total group of subjects and after stratification by gender. The -866G/A and Ala55Val variants were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D = 0.974, r2 = 0.936). The wild type haplotype G-C (-866G/A-Ala55Val) was applied as the reference one. Haplotype A-T made up for the most frequent one, while single version at -866G/A or Ala55Val each accounted for less than 1 percent (Table 3). In the total group of subjects, no haplotypes were jibe with susceptibility of hyperuricemia. In the female subgroups, haplotype A-T (-866G/A-Ala55Val) was associated with a decreased risk of hyperuricemia however, this association was useless in males. No further significant associations between hyperuricemia and other two rare haplotypes were found in our study, partly due to the limited size of the rare haplotypes carriers (Table 3). These results correlated with the association between genotypes or alleles and hyperuricemia (Table 1). handlingUncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is present in the inner mitochondrial membr ane and mainly decreases the ATP level and ROS produced by electron transport therefore, UCP2 is involved in a board range of pathological processes. In the present study, we number one foc utilize on the relationship between UCP2 variants and serum urate and hyperuricemia, potentially examining the scope of the loci related to hyperuricemia.The present study revealed no association between the two polymorphisms of UCP2 and serum urate or hyperuricemia in the total group of subjects. However, because serum urate is extensively influenced by gender differences, we stratified the total group of subjects and unconquerable that -866G/A and Ala55Val were associated with serum urate and hyperuricemia in females 25-26. Females with the -866G/A genotype AA+AG or allele A had lower serum urate and a decreased risk of hyperuricemia, indicating a protective role of -866G/A for hyperuricemia in females.The -866G/A variant is a utilitarian polymorphism located in the promoter region and putat ively changes the transcription factor binding sites 7. The wild type G allele in -866G/A was associated with lower UCP2 mRNA smell 19, 27. Increased UCP2 mRNA expression from the A allele was translated into an enlarged amount of UCP2 protein, with corresponding induced proton leak, decreased ATP/ADP ratio and enhanced elimination of ROS 10, 19. Hypermethylation in the promoter region could affect the binding of transcripation factors, ca employ aberrant gene expression. Consistent with our expectations, we found a typical CpG island in the UCP2 promoter region, which included the locus of the -866G/A variant, using information from the University of California-Santa Cruz (UCSC Santa Cruz, CA, USA) database (http//genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGateway). We atomic number 5ieve the UCP2 promoter variant -866G/A could shape this CpG island and protect the UCP2 promoter region from desoxyribonucleic acid methylation, uncovering a novel underlying mechanism that determines -866G/A increa ses UCP2 transcription.Uric acid accumulation is caused by the acceleration of ATP degradation to AMP, a precursor of uric acid, and UCP2 could decrease the ATP level and lower redundant AMP for uric acid formation 7, 28. Moreover, an elevation of serum urate concentration occurs as a physiologic response to increased oxidative stress 31. Because the ROS level could be down- modulate by UCP2, a counter-regulatory increase of serum urate as an antioxidant defense is less urgent. Therefore, the -866G/A variant in the promoter region cogency serve as a protective factor through a higher UCP2 mRNA level and increased translation of the UCP2 protein, which magnate regulate ROS and modify the ATP/ADP ratio.The other locus, Ala55Val, is a missense variant in exon 4 and is associated with an altered degree of uncoupling 7. In our study, a protective effect for hyperuricemia and lower serum urate were observed in genotype TT and allele T in the female subgroups. However, the genetic effect of the Ala55Val variant was less clear. Several researchers identified an association of Ala55Val with the BMI level and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), with polemic conclusions within cohorts, and few functional studies were performed 14, 32-33. Similar to -866G/A, the protective role of the Ala55Val variant for hyperuricemia superpower also be attributed to altered UCP2 transcription.In the male subgroups, a less statistically significant but possible effect of -866G/A and Ala55Val was observed for hyperuricemia risk and higher serum urate. Similar gender-associated genetic effects of UCP2 variants were to a greater extent or less observed for diseases other than hyperuricemia 7. For example, Heidema et al. suggested a genetic effect of UCP2 on weight gain was regulated through different mechanism in males and females 34. Lee, et al. demonstrated that the association between UCP2 variants and BMI was more apparent among female subjects 35. Cheurfa et al. confirmed the associati on of UCP2 variants with coronary artery diseases in males but not females 36. In the present study, we found UCP2 variants -866G/A and Ala55Val had a stronger effect on females with hyperuricemia. One possible explanation for the gender-associated genetic effects of UCP2 might be a regulation role of sex hormones such as estrogen. Estrogen was reported to tighten UCP2 in a breast cancer cell line and papillary thyroidal cancer cells 37-38. interpreted together, these results suggest the UCP2 protein level was down-regulated by estrogen in females but reversed by the variants of -866G/A and Ala55Val, providing a plausible explanation for the specific protective effects of UCP2 variants on females 37. elementtic effects on hyperuricemia and obesity have been widely recognized 3. In the present study, we found that -866G/A and Ala55Val were associated with lower serum urate and a decreased risk of hyperuricemia in overweight, but not underweight, females (Table 2). The relative smal l sample size might limit the correlation digest in the underweight group. However, we did observe females with higher BMI level were more apt(predicate) to benefit from the protective genetic effect of -866G/A and Ala55Val, where the association was significant between the two SNPs and serum urate level of risk of hyperuricemia. In the contrast, among the normal weight females, -866G/A, but not Ala55Val, showed a significant association with a low risk of hyperuricemia, indicating a less contribution from the protective effect of UCP2 variants than seen in overweight females. It was also implied from our results that the tw1functional 866GA promoter variant displayed a stronger effect. The interactions between obesity, uric acid and UCP2 were complicated. BMI has long been viewed as an inhering factor influencing uric acid 3. UCP2 transcription was activated by fatty acids 16. A recent meta-analysis revealed that UCP2 -866G/A and Ala55Val are associated with a risk of obesity 32 . Subtle intermediary obesity related phenotypes such as elevated triglycerides, total cholesterol concentrations, increased the risk of dyslipidemia and circulating leptin levels were also observed to be correlated with UCP2 variants 40. Based on these results, we assumed lipid metabolism material such as fatty acids participated in and enhanced the genetic effect of UCP2 variants on serum urate regulation, explaining the stronger genetic effect of UCP2 variants on females with higher BMI levels observed in the present study.The -866G/A and Ala55Val variants were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D = 0.974, r2 = 0.936). The haplotype frequency analysis revealed that variants of the two loci were more in co-variant haplotype A-T (-866G/A-Ala55Val) compared with the single variant forms of G-T or A-C (Table 3). Haplotype A-T was associated with a decreased risk of hyperuricemia only in females, which was accordant with the genotype or alleles results. However, the small size of the two rare haplotypes might limit the power of association analysis with hyperuricemia risk to a certain extent. The susceptibility of hyperuricemia in the two rare haplotype carriers required institution in a larger cohort.ConclusionThe present study identified a novel gene, UCP2, with two loci, -866G/A and Ala55Val this gene influenced the serum urate concentrations and the risk of hyperuricemia in females. The associations of those loci were affected by gender and BMI. This study supported the potential involvement of this gene in the prevention, prediction and treatment of hyperuricemia.Materials and methodsExperimental determinationA total of 4332 subjects were enrolled from the Taizhou Longitudinal Study 22 and included 1387 hyperuricemic patients and 2945 healthy controls. The associations of common UCP2 variants with serum urate and hyperuricemia were tested by linear infantile fixation and logistic regression with or without gender stratification, respectively. A body mass index (BMI) subgroup was also used for further analysis.ParticipantsAll subjects were enrolled from Taizhou Longitudinal Study 22, of which 1387 individuals had serum urate level over 7 mg/dl and were treated as hyperuricemic patients, and 2945 individuals had normal serum urate ( 7 mg/dl) and were treated as healthy controls 23. The subjects were carve up into subgroups (underweight BMI 18.5 normal weight 18.50 BMI Genetic analysisGenetic analysis was carried out in accordance with the create verbally informed consent and guideline offered by the Ethical Committees of the School of Life Science of Fudan University. For genetic analysis, peripheral device blood was collected from all the individuals included in this study. Genomic desoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from whole blood using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini kit (QIAGEN, Germany) and was stored at -20. The DNA concentration and quality (including optical density (OD) 260/280 and 260/230 measurements) were determined usi ng a Nanodrop Lite spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Genotyping of -866G/A and Ala55Val in UCP2 were performed by SNPscan according to the manufacturers instructions.Statistical analysisThe clinical characteristics were presented as the close SD. Students t-test was used to test for a significant difference in the mean age, BMI and serum urate between hyperuricemic patients and healthy controls. The chi-square test was used to describe the gender distribution difference between hyperuricemic patients and healthy controls.The chi-square test was used to test Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) of the two loci. We conducted a logistic regression analysis to calculate adjusted odd ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and P-values to describe the distribution of -866G/A and Ala55Val adjusted for age and gender between hyperuricemic patients and healthy controls. A linear regression was performed to calculate Beta and P-values to estimate the effe ct on serum urate in different genotypes and alleles. Genotype GG, allele G of -866G/A and genotype CC, allele C of Ala55Val were used as references, respectively. Stratification into subgroups was performed on the basis of gender and different BMI values for further analysis. Haplotype frequencies between the hyperuricemic patients and controls were estimated by OR (95% CI) and chi-square test. The haplotype of the most frequent (-866G/A-Ala55Val, G-C) was used as the reference. A 2-sided P-value less than 0.025 was considered statistically significant after multiple correlation by Bonferroni method. 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The computations involved in this study were supported by Fudan University High-End Computing Center.Author contributions statement